Friday, September 04, 2026
Thursday, September 03, 2026
Silver horde-stone age tools
https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/vikings/biggest-surprise-of-my-life-homeowner-discovers-denmarks-largest-viking-age-silver-hoard-in-their-backyard?utm_source=firefox-newtab-en-us
beautiful tools--makes you feel like you can pick one up and use it.
I was in Boulder in 2016--but we didn't get there--
I've never seen a stone age tool--must try and go to Natural History Museum.
Stone Age Tools Found in Boulder, CO
In 2008, landscapers in Boulder’s backyard uncovered the Mahaffy Cache — 83 Clovis‑age stone tools about 13,000 years old, offering rare insight into Ice Age technology and diet University of Colorado Boulder+1.
The Discovery
The cache was found in May 2008 when workers digging a fish pond in Patrick Mahaffy’s yard near Chautauqua Park unearthed a tightly packed hole about the size of a shoebox containing 83 stone implements University of Colorado Boulder+1. The tools were buried roughly two feet underground and appear to have been undisturbed for over a millennium discoverwildscience.com.
Age and Culture
Radiocarbon dating and sediment analysis place the cache at about 13,000 years old, making it one of the few Clovis‑age artifact collections found in North America www.sciencecodex.com. Clovis people were nomadic hunter‑gatherers active at the end of the last Ice Age, likely among the first humans in the Americas University of Colorado Boulder+1.
Tool Types and Origins
The Mahaffy Cache includes:
Bifacial knives (some as large as a salad plate)
Blades and flint scraps
Scrapers and cutting tools
A rare double‑bitted axe‑like biface University of Colorado Boulder+1
Stone sources spanned a wide area — from the Uinta Mountains in Utah to sites between the Uintas and Boulder — showing prehistoric trade and travel networks University of Colorado Boulder+1.
Scientific Significance
Protein residue analysis revealed that some tools were used to butcher Ice Age horses, camels, sheep, and bears University of Colorado Boulder+1. This is the first time extinct camel protein has been identified on North American stone tools, and only the second time horse protein has been found on Clovis implements discoverwildscience.com+1. The diversity of tool types and materials in one cache is unusual University of Colorado Boulder.
Where to See Them
The Mahaffy Cache is on display at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History in Boulder, under the exhibit Unearthed: Ancient Life in the Boulder Valley University of Colorado Boulder+1.
In short: The Mahaffy Cache is a rare, well‑preserved Clovis‑age toolkit that not only reveals Ice Age craftsmanship but also provides direct evidence of what early Americans ate and how they moved across the continent.
University of Colorado Boulder
Unearthed: Ancient Life in the Boulder Valley | Museum of Natural ...
University of Colorado Boulder
The Mahaffy Cache - University of Colorado Boulder
Show All
University of Colorado Boulder
https://www.colorado.edu › cumuseum › exhibits › ...
Unearthed: Ancient Life in the Boulder Valley | Museum of Natural ...
Discovered by chance in a Boulder backyard in 2008, the Mahaffy Cache contains more than 80 stone tools buried about 13,000 …
Images of Stone Age Tools found in Boulder CO
See all images
University of Colorado Boulder
https://www.colorado.edu › coloradan › mahaffy-cache
The Mahaffy Cache - University of Colorado Boulder
Mar 4, 2024 · They unearthed 83 stone tools from a packed hole the size of a shoebox. The cache was about 13,000 years old. The …
sciencecodex.com
https://www.sciencecodex.com
13,000 Clovis-era tool cache unearthed in Colorado shows evidence of ...
Feb 25, 2009 · Three stone artifacts from a 13,000-thousand-year-old Clovis-era cache unearthed recently in the city limits of …
Sponsored
See Stone Age Tools Found In Boulder Co
ksdk.com
https://www.ksdk.com › article › news › landscapers...
Landscapers found stone tools in Colorado from Ice Age
Oct 8, 2015 · There are more than 80 stone tools, all from the Ice Age. Experts believe these particular tools helped nomadic hunter …
USA Today
https://www.usatoday.com › story › news › nation-now › ...
Landscapers found stone tools in Colorado from Ice Age
Oct 7, 2015 · Landscapers digging in a Boulder backyard in 2008 hit a sack full of tools that would launch years of analysis by …
University of Colorado
https://www.cu.edu › oaa › news › cu-museum-natural...
CU Museum of Natural History unveils ancient stone tools
Oct 12, 2015 · The exhibit showcase a set of more than 80 stone implements, all roughly 13,000 years old, which were discovered …
The Chaffee County Times
https://www.chaffeecountytimes.com › community
13,000-year-old stone tool cache set for exhibit at CU-Boulder
Oct 9, 2015 · The tools were discovered in the yard of Boulder homeowner Patrick Mahaffy, who is loaning them to the CU Museum …
neolithicarchitecture.com
https://neolithicarchitecture.com › mahaffy-clovis-cache
In 2008, the Mahaffy cache was discovered by Patrick Mahaffy, a …
The Mahaffy Clovis Cache refers to a significant archaeological discovery made in Boulder, Colorado. This cache consists of Clovis …
CBS News
https://www.cbsnews.com › colorado › news
80+ Tools From Ice Age Found In Boulder - CBS Colorado
Oct 8, 2015 · BOULDER, Colo. (CBS4) - A new exhibit at the University of Colorado Museum will feature some ancient stone tools …
Greater Ancestors
https://greaterancestors.com › recent-giant-tools-uncovered
Recent Giant Tools Uncovered - Greater Ancestors
A biochemical analysis of a rare Clovis-era stone tool cache recently unearthed in the city limits of Boulder, Colo., indicates some of …
Videos of Stone Age Tools Found in Boulder CO
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end
Wednesday, September 02, 2026
Nikos Kazanzakis--The Last Temptation of Christ--
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Temptation_of_Christ_(novel)
I have the book, somewhere, someone's abandoned copy.
I saw the first part of the movie butcame out as so much blood.
Outside,I met an Ethiopian family who came out bc they hated it.
They gave me a ride back to campus.
KM Kaung
9-2-2026
UN report on global warming--passing threshold based on mid-19th century levels
Passing the longtime warming threshold
https://phys.org/news/2026-09-global-exceed-limit-path-danger.html?utm_campaign=2026-09-02&utm_content=501&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=themorningbrief.co
After the Paris climate accord, the United Nations ordered its climate science arm to study different warming limits. A goal of 1.5 Celsius (2.7 Fahrenheit) above mid-19th century temperatures became generally accepted after the scientists found dramatic impacts that affect people and the planet at 2 degrees Celsius (3.8 degrees Fahrenheit) but not at 1.5 degrees.
The world is now at 1.4 C (2.5 F) above pre-industrial levels, some scientists have calculated. The measure is based on a 20-year average, rather than a single year's temperatures.
Despite experts saying there's no way to limit warming to 1.5 degrees, U.N. officials long maintained the 1.5 window was still open. Wednesday's report finally admitted that the world will cross the 1.5 threshold "in the next few years."
The Man who Never was--I remember this movie well--I was 12--how well
Normandy was planned--in contrast to present Strait of Hormuz--
https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=The%20man%20whonevr%20wasmovie&mid=9D4739212AB31CD12DEE9D4739212AB31CD12DEE&ajaxhist=0
Tuesday, September 01, 2026
Monday, August 31, 2026
Gingerbread with whole wheat flour--
Copilot Search Branding
Whole Wheat Gingerbread with a Few “Gees” (Ginger)
You can make a rich, festive gingerbread loaf using whole wheat flour for extra nutrition and a nutty flavor, while keeping it moist and tender with a few extra “gees” (ginger) for depth.
Recipe: Whole Wheat Gingerbread Loaf
Ingredients www.wholegraincrumbs.comwww.wholegraincrumbs.com+1
1 cup white whole wheat flour
1 cup almond flour (optional, for extra moisture and texture)
2 tsp ground ginger (more for flavor, less for texture)
½ tsp ground cinnamon
¼ tsp ground nutmeg
1 tsp baking soda
½ tsp salt
½ cup neutral oil (avocado or canola)
½ cup molasses
1½ cups plain low-fat Greek yogurt (adds moisture and tenderness)
2 eggs
1 tsp vanilla extract
¼ cup (packed) dark or light brown sugar
¼ cup hot water
Optional: Serve with a dusting of powdered sugar or a small amount of butter for richness.
Instructions www.wholegraincrumbs.comwww.wholegraincrumbs.com
Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease an 8.5" x 4.5" loaf pan.
Mix dry ingredients: In a bowl, whisk together whole wheat flour, almond flour, baking soda, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, and salt. Mix wet ingredients: In another bowl, whisk together brown sugar, yogurt, molasses, eggs, vanilla, and oil.
Combine: Add dry ingredients to wet, stirring until just combined. Add hot water: Mix in hot water until batter is smooth and spreadable.
Bake: Pour batter into prepared pan. Bake 45–55 minutes until a toothpick comes out clean. Cool: Let cool on a wire rack before slicing. Tips for Best Results voyoeats.comvoyoeats.com+1 Flavor boost: Add a pinch of cloves or cardamom for extra spice complexity.
Moisture: Whole wheat flour absorbs more liquid, so extra yogurt or molasses helps. Texture: If you prefer a softer loaf, blend 50% whole wheat flour with 50% all-purpose flour. Resting: Let the batter rest 10–15 minutes before baking to improve cohesion. This loaf will have the warm, spiced flavor of gingerbread with the health benefits of whole grains, and the “few gees” will give it a rich, aromatic profile perfect for the holidays.
As you may or may not know--I am maybe 1/3 Polish--having spent 8 months in Warsaw, Poland in 1968-69.
Just joking--I was studying Ecos at SGPis.
However, Jan Nowak was a real Polish Resistance Fighter, and wait for it!
later head of the Polish Section of Radio Free Europe,which I think is now gone with RFA.
My sister and I met, or she met a Madame Rus Swiontek--"Buffalo Horn" who was our host on a trip to Krakow and Auschwitz--still looking for her--
Here from Jan Nowak wiki--
Jan Nowak-Jeziorański
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zdzisław Jeziorański
Jan Nowak-Jeziorański (Polish: [ˈjan ˈnɔ.vak jɛ.ʑɔˈraɲ.ski]; 2 October 1914 – 20 January 2005) was a Polish journalist, writer, politician, social worker and patriot. He served during the Second World War as one of the most notable resistance fighters of the Home Army. He is best remembered for his work as an emissary shuttling between the commanders of the Home Army and the Polish Government in Exile in London and other Allied governments which gained him the nickname "Courier from Warsaw", and for his participation in the Warsaw Uprising.[1] After the war he worked as the head of the Polish section of Radio Free Europe, and later as a security advisor to the US presidents Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter. In 1996, President Bill Clinton awarded him with America's highest civilian award the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[2]
He was born Zdzisław Antoni Jeziorański, (Jeziora Coat of Arms) in Berlin, but used a number of noms de guerre during the war, the best known of which was Jan Nowak which he later added to his original surname.[3]
Sunday, August 30, 2026
Well--what if the experts are wrong?
Will the Earth Flood? What the Science Actually Says
March 17, 2026
The entire Earth will not flood in the way depicted in disaster movies, where water covers every continent. There simply isn’t enough ice and water on the planet to submerge all land. But large-scale flooding of coastal regions is already happening and will intensify significantly over the coming decades. The real question isn’t whether water will cover the globe, but how much of the world’s coastlines, cities, and low-lying countries will be swallowed by rising seas.
Why a Total Global Flood Is Physically Impossible
If every glacier, ice cap, and ice sheet on Earth melted completely, global sea levels would rise by about 195 feet (60 meters). That’s an enormous amount of water, enough to redraw the map of every continent and displace billions of people. But Earth’s highest point sits at over 29,000 feet, and the average elevation of land is roughly 2,750 feet above sea level. Even in the most extreme scenario imaginable, more than 80% of current land area would remain above water.
It also matters what kind of ice melts. Ice that’s already floating in the ocean, like Arctic sea ice and icebergs, barely changes sea level when it melts. This works the same way an ice cube in a glass doesn’t cause the water to overflow as it melts: the ice was already displacing its weight in water. The ice that drives sea level rise sits on land, primarily in Greenland and Antarctica, where gravity pulls meltwater downhill into the ocean, adding new volume.
How Fast Seas Are Actually Rising
Satellite measurements since 1993 show that global sea levels have risen by about 111 millimeters (roughly 4.4 inches) over three decades. That sounds small, but the pace is accelerating. In 1993, seas were rising at about 2.1 millimeters per year. By 2023, that rate had more than doubled to approximately 4.5 millimeters per year. The trend line is curving upward, not holding steady.
Two main forces drive this rise. Ice sheet melt and thermal expansion (the ocean physically expanding as it warms) together account for about two-thirds of the total. Mountain glaciers melting add another 20%, and changes in how water is stored on land, through groundwater pumping and reservoir management, contribute the remaining 10%.
What the Projections Say for 2100
The latest international climate projections estimate sea levels will rise somewhere between about 0.3 meters (1 foot) and 1 meter (3.3 feet) by the year 2100, depending on how aggressively the world cuts emissions. Under the most extreme warming scenario, the upper range stretches to 1.6 meters (5.2 feet) when accounting for less likely but possible outcomes like rapid ice sheet collapse.
One or two meters may not sound catastrophic on a planetary scale, but it’s devastating at ground level. Coastal flooding that used to happen once a century starts happening every few years. Storm surges push farther inland. Saltwater infiltrates freshwater supplies. Cities like Miami, New Orleans, and New York all have neighborhoods sitting at or just above sea level. Globally, hundreds of millions of people live in coastal zones below 10 meters of elevation. For them, even a fraction of a meter changes daily life.
The Tipping Points That Could Make It Worse
The scariest scenarios involve ice sheets crossing thresholds where their collapse becomes self-sustaining, meaning it continues even if warming stops. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is the most closely watched. Research suggests that only a small amount of additional ocean warming beyond present-day temperatures could trigger its collapse, which would eventually add over 4 meters (13 feet) to global sea levels over the following centuries. Once that tipping point is crossed, it appears very unlikely to be reversed.
Greenland’s ice sheet holds enough frozen water to raise seas by 7.4 meters (24 feet) if it melted entirely. That won’t happen overnight. Complete melting would take centuries to millennia. But Greenland is already losing ice at an accelerating rate, and every fraction of a degree of warming locks in more loss.
Earth Has Done This Before
During the last interglacial period, roughly 125,000 years ago, global temperatures were only slightly warmer than today. Sea levels stood at least 3 meters higher than current levels, and probably more than 5 meters higher. Most of that extra water likely came from a significantly smaller Greenland ice sheet, which may have contributed 4 to 5.5 meters on its own. This matters because it shows the planet doesn’t need dramatic warming to produce dramatic sea level changes. The ice responds to sustained warmth over time, not just peak temperatures.
What This Means in Practical Terms
The Earth won’t be swallowed by an ocean. The continents aren’t going anywhere. But the coastline you see on a map today will not be the coastline your grandchildren know. Over the next century, rising seas will permanently flood low-lying islands, reshape river deltas, and force the relocation of coastal infrastructure worldwide. Over longer timescales of several centuries, if major ice sheets destabilize, the changes become far more severe.
The degree of flooding depends almost entirely on how much warming occurs in the coming decades. At lower warming levels, humanity faces manageable but costly adaptation. At higher levels, the loss of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets becomes increasingly likely, committing the planet to meters of sea level rise that will play out over hundreds of years. The flooding won’t look like a single catastrophic wave. It will look like shorelines creeping inland, year after year, in a process that has already begun.
Tributes to Dolly Parton--Co-pilot search results.
Dolly Parton, the legendary country music icon, passed away at 80, prompting heartfelt tributes from family, fans, and fellow artists worldwide.
Dolly Parton’s death was announced by her nephew, Bryan Seaver, in a video shared on her official social media channels, describing her as “Sister, sis, Aunt Granny to one generation and Gigi to the next” and emphasizing that she “lived in the light and is in the arms of Jesus” Far Out MagazineFar Out Magazine+1. Seaver reflected on her influence, noting that she opened doors for generations of singers, songwriters, musicians, and dreamers, and that her family and fans shared a lifetime of memories with her Far Out MagazineFar Out Magazine+1.
Celebrity Tributes
Numerous celebrities expressed their admiration and grief. Actor Leslie Mann wrote, “Thank you, Dolly! You made the world a better place,” while Jamie Lee Curtis posted, “Thank you, Dolly. For all of it.” Miley Cyrus shared, “I can’t believe we just lost the purest soul. Rest in Glory, Dolly. My heart aches” Far Out MagazineFar Out Magazine. These tributes highlight the profound impact Parton had on both the entertainment industry and her fans.
Career and Legacy
Dolly Parton’s career spanned over six decades, producing iconic hits such as Jolene, I Will Always Love You, and 9 to 5 Smooth RadioSmooth Radio+1. She won 11 Grammy Awards, was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame and the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, and received numerous accolades for her songwriting, acting, and humanitarian work WATE 6 On Your SideWATE 6 On Your Side. Beyond music, she founded the Imagination Library, a literacy program that has provided millions of books to children worldwide Smooth RadioSmooth Radio+1.
Media Tributes
SiriusXM dedicated special programming to celebrate her life and music, allowing fans to listen to her songs and tributes across their country music channels SiriusXMSiriusXM. News outlets and social media platforms have been filled with remembrances, highlighting her generosity, humor, and enduring influence on American culture The WrapThe Wrap+3.
Personal Reflections
Parton’s family emphasized her humility and foresight, noting that she had planned for this moment years in advance. Seaver described her as a “farmer of songs and happiness” and shared her wish to rest comfortably after a life of performing in heavy rhinestones Far Out MagazineFar Out Magazine+1. Her passing also followed the death of her husband, Carl Thomas Dean, in March 2025, marking the end of a deeply private and enduring partnership HELLO!HELLO!+1.
Dolly Parton’s legacy continues to resonate through her music, philanthropy, and the countless lives she touched, ensuring that her spirit and influence will endure for generations to come Smooth RadioSmooth Radio+1.
Islands in the Stream--lyrics--
Verse 1: Kenny Rogers]
Baby, when I met you there was peace unknown
I set out to get you, with a finetooth comb
I was soft inside
There was something going on
[Verse 2: Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton]
You do something to me that I can't explain
Hold me closer and I feel no pain
Every beat of my heart
We got something going on
[Pre-Chorus: Kenny Rogers, Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton]
Tender love is blind
It requires a dedication
All this love we feel needs no conversation
We ride it together, ah-ah
Making love with each other, ah-ah
[Chorus: Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton]
Islands in the stream
That is what we are
No one in between
How can we be wrong?
Sail away with me
To another world
And we rely on each other, ah-ah
From one lover to another, ah-ah
if you got no one
And you just walk in the night
Slowly losing sight of the real thing
[Verse 4: Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton]
But that won't happen to us and we got no doubt
Too deep in love and we got no way out
And the message is clear
This could be the year for the real thing
[Pre-Chorus: Dolly Parton, Dolly Parton & Kenny Rogers]
No more will you cry
Baby, I will hurt you never
We start and end as one
In love forever We can ride it together, ah-ah Making love with each other, ah-ah [Chorus: Kenny Rogers & Dolly Parton] Islands in the stream That is what we are No one in between How can we be wrong? Sail away with me To another world And we rely on each other, ah-ah From one lover to another, ah-ah
From 2004 tsunami wiki--
earthquake.
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
From top, left to right: Banda Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunamiKorean rescue workers recovering a body under debrisa man searching through rubble in Meulabohpeople running away from the tsunamia tsunami memorial in Kerala, India
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami is located in Indian Ocean
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Location within Indian Ocean
Show map of Indian Ocean
Show map of Sumatra
Show map of Earth
Show all
UTC time
2004-12-26 00:58:53
ISC event
7453151
USGS-ANSS
ComCat
Local date
26 December 2004; 21 years ago[1]
Local time
07:28:53 UTC+06:30
07:58:53 UTC+07:00
08:58:53 UTC+08:00
Duration 10 minutes
Magnitude
9.2–9.3 Mw
Depth
30 km (19 mi)[1]
Epicentre 3.316°N 95.854°E[1]
Type Megathrust
Areas affected Indian Ocean coastline areas
Total damage US$15 billion[2]
Max. intensity MMI IX (Violent)
Tsunami
15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft);[3][4]
max. 51 m (167 ft)[5]
Casualties 227,898 dead[6][7]
On 26 December 2004, at 07:58:53 local time (UTC+7), a Mw 9.2–9.3 earthquake struck with its epicenter off the west coast of Aceh, in northern Sumatra, Indonesia. The undersea megathrust earthquake, known in the scientific community as the Sumatra–Andaman earthquake,[8][9] was caused by a rupture along the fault boundary between the Burma plate and the Indian plate, and reached a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX in some areas.
The earthquake caused a massive tsunami with waves up to 30 m (100 ft) high, referred to by British and Commonwealth media as the Boxing Day tsunami, after the Boxing Day holiday, or the Asian tsunami,[10] which devastated communities along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean, killing an estimated 227,898 people in 14 countries, especially in Aceh in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu in India, and Khao Lak in Thailand. The direct result was severe disruption to living conditions and commerce in coastal provinces of these and other surrounding countries. It is the deadliest tsunami in history, the deadliest natural disaster of the 21st century,[11] and one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history.[12] It is also the worst natural disaster in the history of Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.[13]
The earthquake itself is the most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Asia, the strongest of the 21st century, and the second- or third-most powerful globally since modern seismography began in 1900.[14][a] It had the longest fault rupture ever observed, between 1,200 to 1,300 kilometres (746 to 808 mi), and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, lasting at least ten minutes.[18] It caused the entire planet to vibrate by as much as 10 mm (0.4 in),[19] and also remotely triggered earthquakes as far away as Alaska.[20] Its epicentre was located between Simeulue and mainland Sumatra.[21] The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response, with donations totaling more than US$14 billion[22] (equivalent to US$24 billion in 2025 currency).
2004 Asian tsunami--from wiki--
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated 1,600 km (1,000 mi) of fault surface slipped (or ruptured) about 15 m (50 ft) along the subduction zone where the Indian plate slides under (or subducts) the overriding Burma plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over several minutes: Seismographic and acoustic data indicate that the first phase involved a rupture about 400 km (250 mi) long and 100 km (60 mi) wide, 30 km (19 mi) beneath the sea bed—the largest rupture ever known to have been caused by an earthquake. The rupture proceeded at about 2.8 km/s (1.74 mi/s; 10,100 km/h; 6,260 mph), beginning off the coast of Aceh and proceeding north-westerly over about 100 seconds. After a pause of about another 100 seconds, the rupture continued northwards towards the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The northern rupture occurred more slowly than in the south, at about 2.1 km/s (1.3 mi/s; 7,600 km/h; 4,700 mph), continuing north for another five minutes to a plate boundary where the fault type changes from subduction to strike-slip (the two plates slide past one another in opposite directions).
Chernobyl 1986--from wiki--
On 26 April 1986, reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located near Pripyat, Ukraine, exploded. With dozens of direct casualties and thousands of health complications stemming from the disaster, it is one of only two nuclear accidents rated at the maximum severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, which happened in Japan.[1] The response involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles (about $85 billion in 2026).[2] It remains the most destructive nuclear disaster[3][4] and the most expensive disaster in history, with an estimated cost of US$700 billion.[5] The disaster occurred during a test to simulate the cooling of the reactor during a serious accident in blackout conditions. The operators carried out the test following an accidental drop in reactor power. Upon shutting down the reactor in such conditions, pervasive design flaws led to a power surge. The reactor components ruptured and lost coolant, and the resulting steam explosions and meltdown destroyed the reactor building. This was followed by a reactor core fire that spread radioactive contaminants across the Soviet Union and Europe.[6] The Soviet government established a 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) exclusion zone 36 hours after the accident, initially evacuating around 49,000 people. This was later expanded to 30 kilometres (19 mi), resulting in the evacuation of approximately 68,000 more people.[7] The government did not publicly acknowledge the disaster until two days after the explosion, when elevated radiation levels were detected in Sweden.[8]
Following the explosion, which killed two engineers and severely burned two others, an emergency operation began to put out the fires and stabilize the reactor. Of the 237 workers hospitalized, 134 showed symptoms of acute radiation syndrome (ARS); 28 of them died within three months. Over the next decade, 14 more workers (nine of whom had ARS) died of various causes mostly unrelated to radiation exposure.[9] It is the only instance in commercial nuclear power history where radiation-related fatalities occurred.[10][11] As of 2005, 6000 cases of childhood thyroid cancer occurred within the affected populations (15 of them fatal), "a large fraction" being attributed to the accident.[12] Long-term death estimates range from up to 4,000 in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia (per the United Nations) to 16,000 in total across Europe.[13]
Pripyat was abandoned and replaced by the purpose-built city of Slavutych. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus, completed in December 1986, reduced the spread of radioactive contamination and provided radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors. In 2016–2018, the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement was constructed around the old sarcophagus to enable the removal of the reactor debris, and clean-up is scheduled for completion by 2065.[14
2011 Japan earthquake--from wiki--
On 11 March 2011, at 14:46:24 JST (05:46:24 UTC), a Mw 9.0–9.1 undersea megathrust earthquake occurred in the Pacific Ocean, 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of the Tōhoku region of Japan. It lasted approximately six minutes and caused a tsunami. It is sometimes known in Japan as the "Great East Japan Earthquake" (東日本大震災, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai), among other names.[en 1] It is often referred to by its numerical date, 3.11 (read San ten Ichi-ichi in Japanese).[30][31][32]
The earthquake was the most powerful ever recorded in Japan, and the fourth most powerful recorded in the world since modern seismography began in 1900.[33][34][35] It triggered powerful tsunami waves that may have reached heights of up to 40.5 m (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[36][37] and which, in the Sendai area, traveled at 700 km/h (435 mph)[38] and up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[39] Residents of Sendai had only eight to ten minutes of warning, and more than a hundred evacuation sites were washed away.[38] The snowfall which accompanied the tsunami[40] and the freezing temperature hindered rescue works;[41] for instance, in Ishinomaki, the city with the most deaths,[42] the temperature was 0 °C (32 °F) as the tsunami hit.[43] Official figures released in 2021 reported 19,759 deaths,[44] 6,242 injured,[45] 284 firefighters dead from attempts to close preventative fire gates,[46] and 2,553 missing.[47] A report in 2015 found that 228,863 people were still living away from their home either temporarily or permanently.[48]
The tsunami caused the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, primarily the meltdowns of three of its reactors, the discharge of radioactive water in Fukushima and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.[49][50] Many electrical generators ran out of fuel. The loss of electrical power halted cooling systems, causing heat to build. Without ventilation, hydrogen gas accumulated within the upper refueling hall and exploded, forcefully ejecting the refueling hall's blast panels. Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated.
Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[51] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March 2011 in an effort to normalize market conditions.[52] The estimated economic damage amounted to over $300 billion, making it the costliest natural disaster in history.[53][54] According to a 2020 study, "the earthquake and its aftermaths resulted in a 0.47-percentage-point decline in Japan's real GDP growth in the year following the disaster".[55]
2025 mega tsunami AK--
Massive Alaska megatsunami was second largest ever recorded
6 May 2026
Kate Stephens,
Helen Briggsand
Kevin Church,Climate and Science team
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1m253033m4o#google_vignette
Photo by Cyrus Read/U.S. Geological Survey An icy expanse of sea runs through a narrow passage between mountains. Much of the steep sides of the mountains are stripped of green vegetation revealing grey scarred rock. The tops of the mountains are scattered with snow and ice glitters in the fjord below. Photo by Cyrus Read/U.S. Geological Survey
Aerial view of the August 2025 landslide and tsunami near South Sawyer Glacier in Alaska
Amassive 'megatsunami' wave created when part of an Alaskan mountain crumbled into the sea is the second tallest ever recorded – and a reminder of the risks posed by melting glaciers, say scientists. Last summer a giant wave swept through a remote fjord in southeast Alaska leaving destruction in its wake. The event went largely unreported at the time, but a new scientific analysis shows it was caused by a massive landslide. An incredible 64 million cubic metres of rock – the equivalent of 24 Great Pyramids - splashed into the water below. The sheer power of that amount of rock plunging into the fjord in under a minute created a gigantic wave almost 500 metres tall. (taller than WTC, taller than Eiffel Tower). Only the time it happened – in the early hours of the morning – prevented tourist cruise ships being caught up in the devastation, say the researchers. Dr Bretwood Higman, an Alaskan geologist, who saw for himself the damage at Tracy Arm Fjord, said it was "a close call". "We know that there were people that were very nearly in the wrong place," he said. 'I'm quite terrified that we're not going to be so lucky in the future." Map of the US and Canada showing the location of Tracy Arm Fjord in south east Alaska Tracy Arm in Southeast Alaska is known for its sheer cliffs and icy terrain These huge waves, labelled megatsunamis, happen when a landslide caused by either an earthquake or loose rock hit water below. They are usually localised and dissipate quickly. The other type of tsunamis happen in the open ocean and are directly triggered by earthquakes, or occasionally other powerful events such as underwater volcanoes. They, like the 2011 Japan tsunami, can travel for thousands of miles, hitting populated areas and causing widespread devastation and loss of life. The biggest megatsunami was in the 1950s and was over 500 metres. This latest megatsunami was the second largest. The image above shows an island covered in green vegetation and trees within a fjord. It is nestled between two mountains. Behind is a huge icy blue glacier. The image below shows the glacier has melted and the island has been stripped of vegetation save one tree. Dr Higman arrived on the scene a few weeks after the tsunami hit at the Tracy Arm Fjord – a destination popular with cruise ships exploring the natural wonders of Alaska. He found broken trees littering the mountainside and hurled into the water, and vast swathes of scarred rock stripped of soil and vegetation. ADVERTISING Alaska is especially vulnerable to megatsunamis because of its steep mountains, narrow fjords and frequent earthquakes. Now new research published in Science suggests glacier melt driven by climate change is making such collapses far worse. Illustrated infographic titled “Some of the world's tallest tsunamis,” showing a towering blue wave compared with landmark heights: The Shard (310 m), Eiffel Tower (330 m), and One World Trade Center (541 m). A ranked list shows the two highest tsunamis: Lituya Bay, Alaska (1958) at 524 m; Tracy Arm, Alaska (2025) at 482 m; and some other large tsunamis, namely Dickson Fjord, Greenland (2024) at 200 m; Hunga Tonga eruption (2022) at 90 m; and Tohoku, Japan earthquake (2011) at 40.5 m. The team combined field work, seismic and satellite data to reconstruct a domino chain of events and trace the height of the wave. Dr Stephen Hicks of University College London said the glacier was previously "helping to hold up this piece of rock", and so when the ice retreated, it exposed the bottom of the cliff face, "allowing that rock material to suddenly collapse into the fjord". He and his colleagues have studied tsunamis for decades and are worried. "More people are now going to remote areas - often these tourist cruises are going to see the natural beauty of the area to actually learn more about climate change - but they are also dangerous places to be." Photo by Cyrus Read/U.S. Geological Survey. The picture shows a large area of bare earth, rocks and mud with groups of uprooted trees in the background set before a thick forest topped by blue sky.Photo by Cyrus Read/U.S. Geological Survey. Ground-level view of tsunami damage near the mouth of the fjord showing uprooted trees and vegetation stripped from the shoreline. Dr Higman said there is little doubt that the risks of megatsunamis are increasing.
"At this point, I'm pretty confident that these are increasing not just a little bit, but increasing a lot," he said. "Maybe in the order of 10 times as frequent as they were just a few decades ago." The scientists are calling for wider monitoring of hazards in parts of Alaska that might be vulnerable to megatsunamis. Some cruise companies have announced they are to stop sending ships into Tracy Arm amid safety fears.
Glacial collapse in Nepal--
Glacier collapse in Nepal: causes, impact and prevention
https://en.meteorologiaenred.com/Glacier-collapse-in-Nepal%3A-causes--impact--and-prevention.html
The collapse of a glacier in Nepal caused a devastating flash flood with hundreds of victims.
Satellite images confirm the detachment of the glacial tongue at 5.200 meters.
Climate change and the thawing of permafrost increase the region's vulnerability.
Experts call for improved early warning systems and cross-border cooperation.
FindGeological Maps
anavarro
29/08/2026 04:48
5 minutes
On the morning of August 26, a massive chunk of ice and rock broke off from a glacier on the border between Nepal and Tibet, triggering a devastating mudslide that swept away entire communities. The event, initially mistaken for an earthquake, has left more than 150 dead and hundreds missing , according to Nepalese authorities. Satellite images have confirmed that the glacier tongue collapsed from an altitude of approximately 5.200 meters, crashing to the valley floor 1.200 meters below.
Scientists around the world are analyzing seismological data and satellite images to understand what caused this collapse. Although there is still no definitive cause, accelerated thawing and permafrost degradation appear to be the prime suspects. This disaster highlights the vulnerability of high mountain regions to climate change, a phenomenon that is also a concern in the Pyrenees and the European Alps. DiscoverTop Destinations
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the collapse generated a seismic signal equivalent to a magnitude 5,2 earthquake, although it was not a tectonic movement. The energy released by the falling ice and rocks was enough to register the event on seismographs around the world, including in Barcelona. TestWater Quality
Images from Planet Labs, analyzed by experts like Dan Shugar of the University of Calgary, show that the lower part of the glacier completely disappeared. "It broke off at about 5.200 meters and fell to the valley floor, some 1.200 meters below," Shugar explained. Furthermore, the images reveal that a large amount of snow melted in the previous 24 hours , suggesting that the heat may have lubricated the base of the glacier and facilitated its slide. FindGeological Maps
Glacier collapse in Nepal
the glaciers of asia melt
Related article:
Asia's glaciers are melting due to climate change
Impact and consequences in Nepal and the region
The flash flood, laden with mud, rocks, and debris, surged more than 170 kilometers down the Bhote Koshi River valley, destroying bridges, roads, and hydroelectric power plants. The Gyirong border crossing between China and Nepal was also severely damaged. The Trishuli River level rose by up to nine meters in just 30 minutes , according to the International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). DonateDisaster Relief
Nepalese authorities fear the death toll will rise, as more than 300 people remain missing. Many were tourists and pilgrims in the area. The destruction of communication infrastructure has hampered rescue efforts , and teams are working in extreme conditions. This disaster is reminiscent of the 2015 earthquake, which also triggered a glacial collapse in the same mountain range, burying the village of Langtang.
Glacier collapse in Nepal
Climate change and the future of glaciers
The Himalayas, known as the 'third pole' for their vast ice fields, are losing mass at an alarming rate. According to the United Nations, Nepal has lost almost a third of its ice in the last three decades, and glaciers are melting 65% faster than in the previous decade . Rising temperatures are thawing the permafrost, which acts like cement in the world's highest mountains , increasing the risk of landslides and collapses. LearnQuantum Physics
Experts warn that phenomena like this could become more frequent. "Climate change is destabilizing the mountains," says glaciologist Francisco Navarro. In Europe, the Alps and the Pyrenees are also experiencing glacial retreat, although with less catastrophic consequences. International cooperation and satellite monitoring are essential to anticipate these events, but investment in early warning systems remains insufficient in many countries.
Everest highest mountain in the world
Related article:
Highest mountain in the world
Prevention and early warning
While it's impossible to completely prevent glacial collapses, experts insist that early warning systems can save lives . In Switzerland, for example, preventative evacuation averted fatalities when a glacier collapsed in 2022. In Nepal, the Green Climate Fund has announced funding to improve monitoring, but much more needs to be done. DiscoverTop Destinations
Cross-border cooperation between Nepal and China is crucial, as many glaciers are located in remote areas of Tibet. “If it had started in Nepal, we would have seen it from here, but we need better information sharing,” says Basanta Raj Adhikari, director of the Centre for Disaster Studies at Tribhuvan University. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains the most effective long-term measure to slow glacial melt.
The collapse of the glacier in Nepal has highlighted the fragility of mountains in the face of global warming. With more than 150 dead and hundreds missing, the tragedy underscores the need to invest in science, monitoring, and international cooperation. While scientists continue to investigate the exact causes, the global community must take action to reduce emissions and protect vulnerable communities living in the shadow of glaciers.
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IPCC--sea level change projections--
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IPCC Sea Level Rise Projections
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) provides the most up-to-date scientific consensus on future sea level rise, based on global observations, model simulations, and emission scenarios.
Key Findings from AR6 Chapter 9
Global mean sea level is projected to rise 0.26 m to 0.95 m (0.85 ft to 3.12 ft) by 2100 relative to 2020, depending on the emissions scenario earth.govearth.gov.
Low emissions scenario (SSP1‑2.6): ~0.26 m by 2100.
High emissions scenario (SSP5‑8.5): ~0.95 m by 2100.
Projections extend to 2150, with higher emissions leading to much greater rises NASA Sea Level Change PortalNASA Sea Level Change Portal+1.
Drivers of rise include:
Thermal expansion of seawater due to warming.
Melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
Shrinking of mountain glaciers.
Changes in ocean circulation and land ice dynamics IPCCIPCC+1. Regional Variability Projections vary by region due to local ocean dynamics, ice sheet behavior, and land subsidence. Some areas may experience above‑global‑average rises, while others may see below‑global‑average changes NASA Sea Level Change PortalNASA Sea Level Change Portal. The IPCC AR6 Sea Level Projection Tool (NASA Sea Level Change Portal) allows users to: View global and regional projections from 2020 to 2150.
Click on any ocean location to see local projections. See contributions of different processes to sea level rise for that location. Download data in multiple formats NASA Sea Level Change PortalNASA Sea Level Change Portal+1. Why It Matters These projections are critical for: Coastal planning and infrastructure resilience. Adaptation strategies such as seawalls, managed retreat, and ecosystem-based protection.
Policy decisions on emissions reduction to limit worst‑case scenarios. Tip: For the most accurate and interactive access to AR6 sea level projections, use the NASA IPCC AR6 Sea Level Projection Tool NASA Sea Level Change PortalNASA Sea Level Change Portal+1.
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