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November 23, 2001—On October 29
Ms Ma Thanegi, former trusted
companion of Burmese democracy leader Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and now one of Suu
Kyi's most vocal critics, came to Washington DC to participate in a panel
discussion at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She was scheduled
to speak on what she said were her own views of Burma. Many dissidents inside
and outside Burma consider Ma Thanegi to be a spokesman for the regime. At the
presentation, however, she was introduced, by moderator Dr. G John Ikenberry,
as a close associate of Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and that Ms Ma Thanegi had been
imprisoned because of her closeness to Suu Kyi. Ma Thitsa, a former political
prisoner who was detained in Insein prison and is now a student in Boston, said
that when she was in prison during 1990-91, she and Ma Thanegi were held in the
same building. Ma Thanegi, she said, was actually incarcerated for having been
Suu Kyi's personal assistant. However, according to Ma Thitsa, due to the
strict rules of Insein prison and the fact that Ma Thanegi was given a cell all
to herself, whereas the other political prisoners were forced to share cells,
the two were never able to discuss politics. While introducing Ma Thanegi, John
Ikenberry said that she had evolved her own ideas after being released; to the
dissident community, this translates as "selling out" to the military
regime in Burma. One dissident noted that it was ironic that even a critic of
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi sought to legitimate herself to the international community
by establishing her former close association with the democracy leader. Jeremy
Woodrum, Director of the Free Burma Coalition, was among those demonstrating
outside the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace while Ma Thanegi spoke
inside. Woodrum told Radio Free Asia's (RFA) Sein Kyaw Hlaing in a broadcast
interview that David Steinberg of Georgetown University helped arrange Ma
Thanegi's visit through the Sasakawa Peace Foundation. He added that she is a
contributing editor to the Myanmar Times, an English-language paper widely
believed to have connections with the regime. During the small reception prior
to the beginning of the panel, I had a chance to talk to Ma Thanegi briefly.
She is a small woman with black hair stylishly cut short and flipped upwards
away from her face. She has smooth brown skin and a pixie face with an
outjutting jaw that seemingly never cracks a smile. It was easy to spot her
among the milling guests. She was wearing a black blouse that looked
hand-tailored in Rangoon, a red longyi and matching bright red lipstick. She
told me that she had gone to Methodist English High School in Rangoon at the
same time that I was there and mentioned the name of a relative of hers that I
could not recall. She also said that she knew some of my extended family still
living in Burma. I noticed that several important people in the Burmese
democracy movement and the international donor community attended the event and
Voice of America (VOA) and RFA reporters were in attendance. As Ma Thanegi was
the featured speaker she spoke first on her topic, which had been announced
ahead of time: The Culture Clash and Political Breakdown: Relations between the
United States and Myanmar. The title is dense and almost incomprehensible and
later on I found out I wasn't the only one who didn't understand this title.
Brian Joseph, another speaker on the panel, also said he did not understand the
meaning of her topic. The main points she made were as follows: Daw Aung San
Suu Kyi is the daughter of Bogyoke Aung San, the leader of Burma's pre-war
Independence movement and the founding father of the nation, and because of
this association she received an elitist education overseas. Ma Thanegi said
Suu Kyi is naturally idealistic in her beliefs and that because the international
press has continually reported on her and subsequently pushed her into a corner
that she has become even more idealistic than before. Ma Thanegi also added
that the international press has taken a liking to Daw Aung San Suu Kyi because
she is "so beautiful and charming". In regards to the timing of the
reconciliation process and the transition to democracy in Burma, Ma Thanegi
advocated patience. She said that there is no reason to get frustrated about
the process "as it depends on the two sides and should be secret". On
the issue of sanctions she mounted quite an emotional argument compared to the
beginning of her presentation where she spent a great deal of time talking
about her interpretation of Burmese culture. She accused United States foreign
policy of "economic terrorism". She then referred to US Senate Bill
926 and speculated that it could cause "100,000 women and children"
to lose their jobs. However in an interview with RFA’s U Sein Kyaw Hlaing that
was broadcast the next day, the figure became "200,000 to 300,000".
Pg 2.
In response to questioning from RFA
about this difference, she said that she got the numbers from "some
garment industry association". During the evening’s question and answer
session she returned to this "women and children" point, which seemed
to be an attempt to appeal to the audience’s softside. By then it must have
been obvious to her that her talk had not received a good reception from the
forty to fifty people who attended, all of whom had been required to pre-register.
After Ma Thanegi's talk there was complete silence in the room, with no one
making a move towards even a semblance of polite applause. After a few seconds
of obvious surprise, she seemed to regain her composure and the moderator
introduced the next speaker. Ma Thanegi spent about 30 % of her panel time
lecturing the audience on "Burmese culture," that is, on Ms. Ma
Thanegi's view of Burmese culture, which incidentally coincides with the
junta's view. According to Win Min, an activist in exile, this frustrated and
annoyed the audience. Right at the beginning of her talk she announced her
political affiliation and sympathies none too subtly by announcing that she
used the term Myanmar and not Burma which she said was the term used by the
English (colonialists). The Burmese dissident community who refuses to
recognize the use of Myanmar sees this to be evidence of her support for the
military regime. Ma Thanegi said Burmese politics is an internal affair and
foreigners should not get involved in it. On the whole she spoke calmly but at
times she stuttered a bit as she tried to formulate what she was trying to say
and to buy time after some of the audience’s questions, which on the whole were
very confrontational and aggressive. She came across, at least to me, as a
careful and polished but rather opaque speaker, who goes back to the Burmese
military line every time she is in a bind. At times she sounded like an old
record running along in the old groove of the Burmese military's mindset. Some
of her statements contradicted each other. For example in her emotional pitch
using "the women and children will lose their jobs" rhetoric, at
first she said that 100,000 will lose their jobs and "it's so unfair, it's
so cruel." She then later said in response to a question that S926 would
"make no difference to how the government acts." This seemed more
like bluffing and saving face than anything else. I had a chance to talk to
some democracy advocates in private and some of them felt that the junta must
be in quite a crisis to be sending advocates to America in a public relations
campaign. In September of this year Dr.Win Naing, based in Japan, gave a speech
at Human Rights Watch in Washington DC. A DC-based analyst told me that
"as Win Naing had not done his homework, and was not well prepared, his
presentation more or less flopped". Analysts feel that Ma Thanegi was sent
on this tour because of that recent failure. Win Min, who heard Dr Win Naing’s
speech, said that although Ma Thanegi was better prepared she still was not
adequately prepared to handle the tough questions from democracy activists and
former political prisoners. In a recent interview with the Myanmar Times Lt Gen
Khin Nyunt pleaded for withdrawal of sanctions. Myanmar Times also ran
interviews with local businessmen on the possible impact of S926. The Myanmar
Chamber of Commerce also sent pleas to President George W. Bush. The junta
seems desperate to prevent S926 from being passed and Ma Thanegi's trip looks
like it is part of an orchestrated lobbying strategy by the junta. The other
two speakers on the panel were Brian Joseph, of the National Endowment for
Democracy (NED) and Burmese analyst David Steinberg of Georgetown University
who helped organize the event. Brian Joseph's speech was a strong and clearly
in favor of democratic change in Burma. He stressed the point made by Aung Din
and Free Burma Coalition members that if the release of political prisoners
were to continue at this rate, it would take a decade for all 2000 political
prisoners to be released. David Steinberg, the evening’s third speaker, did not
take a clear side in the debate, something he is known for, but he appeared
more supportive of the democratic majority in the room than he has been in the
past. One well- known academic said in private that Steinberg has "fire on
one shoulder and water on the other" a famous Burmese saying. Others feel
that Steinberg remains neutral in hopes of eventually becoming the US
Ambassador in Myanmar. Steinberg did agree with one comment from Ma Thanegi's
Far Eastern Economic Review article about sanctions. He said that it is quite
naive to think that economic assistance alone would automatically lead to
political changes. He cited examples of East Asian authoritarianism and
suggested a well-rounded approach for Burma. Some young activists, however,
expressed to me in private that "on the panel there were two people for
the junta and only one (Mr.
(Page 3 of 5)
Joseph) speaking for a speedy
transition to democracy". One senior Burma watcher observed that the
seminar organizers had carefully calculated even the selection of Mr. Joseph as
a panelist. He said, Mr. Joseph is a strong supporter of democracy in Burma but
he has on occasion publicly criticized the democracy movement. I asked Ma
Thanegi who she spoke for when she made sweeping comments such as "the
Burmese people are conservative, Burmese parents hate MTV, and ahnarde is a
problem in Burma." (Ahnarde is feeling bad or embarrassed to say or do
something, something said to be a problem in Burmese culture). I also asked how
Ma Thanegi could be absolutely sure that economic sanctions alone and not the
years of mismanagement and misguided policies of the military government caused
the unemployment numbers that she gave. She said simply that she knew because
she was a writer and had been all over the country. During her talk Ma Thanegi
had many prescriptions as to how people should talk and act in this normative
"Burmese culture" that she was condoning. This portion of her
presentation amounted almost to a harangue and judging by the title she gave to
her talk and the amount of time she devoted to this, it seems this
"culture clash" was her over-riding argument and theme. One of the
elected Members of Parliament commented later that if culture and the ahrnade
concept were of such importance as Ma Thanegi made them out to be, then
democracy leader and Nobel Peace Prize winner Daw Aung San Suu Kyi would have
titled her book "Freedom From Ahnarde" rather than "Freedom From
Fear." I also asked Ma Thanegi about the patience issue as she had said
she was willing to wait for the outcome of the secret talks between the
National League for Democracy and junta. I said for people like her and myself,
living in the relative comfort of middle class neighborhoods in Burma and the
United States, perhaps we could afford to wait; but what about student leader
Min Ko Naing who had already served his sentence and was in poor emotional and
physical health because of being incarcerated. When I got carried away and
said, "I'm asking you a rhetorical question, you need not answer it."
I heard a ripple of cynical laughter behind me in the room. A co-worker who is
a close friend of Min Ko Naing told me later it was very difficult to keep a
cool head and not be emotional when confronting Ma Thanegi. "As I was
asking her a question, I began to feel as if I were talking to a Burmese
general," the man said. Former political prisoner Ko Aung Din, of FBC and
Association for Assistance for Political Prisoners in Burma (AAPPB) asked two
questions of Ma Thanegi and one of David Steinberg. The first question was if
she was aware of the number of political prisoners in Burma. Also as she spoke
of "economic terrorism" was she aware that the Burmese government in
fact sponsored terrorism under which she and he had all lived. "Then
why," he asked, "do you say that sanctions are the culprit in all
this." As Steinberg in his talk spoke of the military government donating
to the pagodas, which was a method used by the Burmese kings, Aung Din asked
him if he knew how the junta was pressuring the monks including Kya-Khat Waing
Sayadaw. He also asked Ma Thanegi if, as she had special contact and access to
Gen. Khin Nyunt and had interviewed him once for Myanmar Times, she would go
back and ask him to do what the democratic opposition and dissident groups are
asking. Ko Aung Din asked her, "Why not ask Khin Nyunt to follow these
directions if you are really sorry for the women and children of Burma."
He then went on to talk about S926 and its conditions that state the release of
all political prisoners, un-reversible and positive results from dialog for
reconciliation and more aggressive participation in anti-narcotic efforts. If
these conditions are fulfilled the President of the United States can ask
Congress to withdraw this Bill. Aung Din said these conditions come originally
from the people of Burma and so if she, Ma Thanegi, "has such good
connections then she does not need to come halfway around the world but can ask
Khin Nyunt" directly. Then the "surprise attendee" Ma Thitsa,
mentioned before, who had come to DC specifically for this occasion rose from
her seat to ask questions. Ma Thitsa's two questions, asked in a soft voice,
can be viewed as a coup for the Burmese democracy movement. Ma Thitsa is a quiet,
soft-spoken and rather shy woman. She had been secretly brought to DC by
Bakatha, the Burmese student union from Boston where is going to college.
During the reception before the talk, Ma Thitsa sat quietly in a corner,
obviously composing herself for the confrontation to come with a former friend,
which was likely to be at the very least highly emotional. Ma Thitsa delivered
each of her questions in Burmese and Ko Hlwan Moe of the National Coalition
Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB) translated each question into English.
(Page 4 of 5)
Ma Thanegi was visibly surprised
when Ma Thitsa stood up. Ma Thitsa said she did not need to introduce herself
to Ma Thanegi as they had been in jail together. The gist of the questions
were, A. As far as I understand there is no freedom of expression in Burma.
Won't it be difficult for you when you go back to Burma? B. I can accept
Burmese culture in the sense of going to a monastery. But forced labor, is that
Burmese culture? After the presentation Ma Thitsa told a close friend that it
was good that she had not been noticed by Ma Thanegi prior to the talk.
"Otherwise Ma Thanegi might have worked her charm, and then it might have
made it difficult to ask tough questions," she said. Immediately after the
talk, people said that Ma Thanegi came over to Ma Thitsa and warmly greeted
her. To one person who knew her in Burma that is a sign of Ma Thanegi's
"heart," but this same person also said that he found it difficult to
talk to her as he saw her as a symbol of the regime. To me it seems a strange
coincidence that Ma Thitsa's name in Burmese means Truth or Loyalty. Win Min
asked about the Committee to Protect Journalists' (CPJ) statements about the
lack of independence of the English language Myanmar Times where Ma Thanegi is
a contributing editor. Win Min then read a quote from the CPJ about Myanmar
Times. Min Zaw Oo of the University of Maryland asked what other methods of
protest outside dissidents had besides asking for sanctions. He said that if
the junta "will stop pressuring us, we will stop pressuring them". At
this point the facilitators were starting to run out of time and had Ma Thanegi
answer all the questions at the same time. This gave her time to demur on some
of the answers some of which were - To Ma Thitsa's question about danger on
going back, "well, I have to survive by talking carefully between the
tigers and the crocodiles." In response to Min Zaw Oo's question, she
repeated again, it's so unfair. Ma Thanegi is apparently what one would call a very
cool customer. She has the ability to talk calmly even if she is not exactly
answering the questions but is rather dodging and evading them and defending
the junta. The questions were all posed aggressively but she kept emotional
distance. Maybe she was able to do this because she is not deeply involved
emotionally unlike the dissidents whose emotional engagement and political
commitment came through in the questions. Ma Thanegi pretty much kept repeating
the Burmese culture theme in her so-called arguments but as one of the
democracy leaders in exile has stated, she herself seems very much ingrained in
the junta culture of "father knows best". Still it was a good thing
that dissidents overseas had a chance to talk to someone at the other end of
the political spectrum. "Otherwise we would all be talking to each other
all the time," said one dissident. He went on to say, however, that it was
curious that such a person as Ma Thanegi or the junta wanted a fair hearing
internationally and seemingly wanted the right to sit at table and talk as
equals while themselves denying similar rights to the Burmese people, the
ethnic groups and the democracy advocates within Burma. Eyewitnesses of the
panel that was in Berkeley, CA reported that it was an even greater debacle for
Ma Thanegi and her cohorts than the one in Washington DC had been. Prominent
dissidents such as Dr. Zarni, founder of the Free Burma Coalition, and Min Zin,
one of the leading intellectuals in the Burmese democracy movement attended.
There were reports that dissidents got up and said they wished to comment, not
ask questions. The pro-democracy faction in the audience were reported to have
booed those who applauded Ma Thanegi's position, and that she had to be hustled
away by the organizers before she could finish speaking. Although throughout
her US trip, Ma Thanegi spoke on "Burmese culture," Brian Joseph of
NED said at the DC session that in a totalitarian country it is impossible to
know what national sentiments are. Even in an open society people do not necessarily
answer questionnaires truthfully so with no scientific study of any sort, Ma
Thanegi's opinions will remain only her opinions and those of the people around
her. They cannot be presented in a more general light. Jeremy Woodrum of FBC
said that, "It is ironic that Ma Thanegi claims that more money will help
the Burmese. Actually the exact opposite is true. In the early 1990s, when
millions of dollars of US investment money poured into Burma, there was a
massive increase in forced labor, which many refer to as slave labor. In fact,
more money meant more repression. Investment and trade doesn't happen in a
vacuum. If you pump money into an abusive system you get more abuse not
less." Since 1988 the NLD and democracy advocates have been calling for a
system change. As I am writing this article the WTO Ministerial Meeting is
winding up in Qatar, after having admitted both China and Taiwan as new
members.
(Page 5 of 5)
Sales to China alone are estimated
as being worth two billion dollars a year to the United States. On November
5th, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) put out a
statement that the persistence of forced labor on a large scale in Burma, which
has been confirmed by the International Labor Organization, should prompt all
member states to impose binding trade sanctions on the Burmese regime.
Kyi May Kaung holds a Ph.D. in
Political Science from the University of Pennsylvania and currently works for
the Burma Fund in Washington, DC as a Senior Research Associate. The opinions
expressed here belong to K.M. Kaung alone and not to any organization or other
individual.
